Literature and Society Essay

A general knowledge of the social and cultural setting in which a novel is written is important, for most novels mirror the customs and values of a particular society, often criticizing it. The Hertfordshire country town where the greater part of the novel is set is Longbourn, only a mile from the market town of Meryton and 24 miles from London. The neighborhood around the Bennets is large, for they dine with twenty-four different families, only three of which are named. The Bennet’s society is drawn largely from Meryton (which is the mother’s background) rather than from the country (which is the father’s), for she is more sociable than her husband. Mrs. Bennet, however, is without social ambition except for her desire to have her daughters marry rich men. Pride and Prejudice is, thus, set among the rural middle and upper classes who are landowners. None of the major characters works, for these moneyed classes live entirely on their income from rents and inherit ances. There are, however, petty distinctions among the landed classes, determined by the amount of wealth possessed by the members. For instance, Miss Bengali and her sister look down on the Bennets because they are not as wealthy. Class distinctions in Jane Austen’s time were in fact very rigid. The land-owning aristocracy belonged to the highest rung of the social ladder, and all power was in their hands. Next in rank came the gentry. The new, prosperous industrialists and traders (like Mr. Gardiner) were gradually rising as a class, but had still not won the right to vote. The lowest in English society were the workers and laborers. For the women of the time, life was largely restricted to the home and the family. For the poor and the lower-class women, there was ample work in the home and in the fields to keep them busy. But for the ladies of the landed upper-classes, life was one big round of dances, dinners, cards, and visits to friends and relatives. They were not required to do any household work. â€Å"Ladies,† thus, lived a life of ease and leisure, mainly concerned with society, children, and marriage. By the nineteenth century, the upper classes no longer arranged marriages. Instead, a girl was introduced to society (and eligible bachelors) at a reception hosted by a married woman who had herself been presented. Generally, a girl â€Å"came out† only after her elder sister was married. (No wonder Lady Catherine is shocked when she hears that all of Elizabeth’s sisters have started dating before she is wed.) Women’s education in the nineteenth century was restricted to the daughters of a few families of the upper classes. In most cases, it was thought to be a waste of time to educate girls. Rich and noble families (like that of Lady Catherine de Bourgh) engaged gove rnesses for educating their daughters or sent them away to boarding school, but most women were self-educated at home. Traveling in Jane Austen’s time was accomplished in horse-drawn carriages, and a family’s social status was determined by its kind of carriage. Because carriages were slow, travel was limited. Communication of mail and news was also slow, and there were no daily newspapers. As a result, the outside world does not play a part in Austen’s novels. Instead, she turns her attention in entirety to the things she knew: family and values. Essay on the connection between literature and society Literature means something that is written for refreshing and inspiring the mind. It records the thoughts and feelings of great minds. It attracts in two ways—through its matter and through its manner. The matter must be such that those who read it are interested in some way. The manner must be such as will be pleasing to the reader and adds to his fund of knowledge. We live in a society. That is, there are relations and interrelation between men who live in the society. We like to hear about our fellow men who live in society, their thoughts and feelings, their likes and dislikes. Naturally, if we have the power of language to express the feelings, we are well on the way to creating literature. In other words, the subject matter of literature is society in some form or other. The poet expresses his feeling and we who read his poetry are interested and feel at one with him and ourselves. After all, society is this bond of fellowship between man and man through communication that the poet or writer seeks. If literature expresses social sympathies, naturally it is bound to exercise some positive influence on our mind and attitude. Society reacts to literature in a living way. An inspiring poem creates general influence on society. It rouses our feelings and enthusiasm for welfare. Shelley has called poets the unacknowledged legislators of mankind. The function of a legislator is to lay down the law, a settled course of action that men may follow. Poetry and literature generally do this in a quiet and unobtrusive way. Novels are known to have changed the direction of the human mind and set in motion movements that have altered our ways of life. The influence of literature on society is felt directly or indirectly. Thus Miss Stowe’s â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ was directly responsible for a movement against slavery in literature and life in USA of those days. The novels of Dickens had an indirect influence in creating in society a feeling for regulating and removing social wrongs, calling for necessary reforms. Sarat Chandra’s novels have gone a long way in breaking conservatism as regards women in our society. It is, however, clear that if we are interested in literature, and its influence is bound to move us amply. Literature is made out of the lore of life. No doubt, the realistic artist brings to a focus the oddities and cruder aspects of life overmuch. But to know life fully, not only the bright side but also the seamy and dark side of life is to be known. Thus, society creates literature. It may be described as the mirror of the society. But the quality and nature of the reflection depends upon the writer’s attitude of mind, whether he is progressive in his outlook or reactionary. Naturally, conservative-minded writer will stress those aspects of social life, which put the traditional ways of life in the best possible way. For example, he will set a high value on reverence for age-old ideals, respect for religion, chastity of woman and so on. On the other hand, a progressive writer will tend to show how old ideals act as restraints on the natural freedom of the human mind, cripple the free movement of man and women in an unrestricted atmosphere, set for liberating new ideals and moving society that looks forward to newer ways of life.

Tree Rosales Saga

The Different Customs and Moral Principles of the Filipino Nation Reading books has many benefits both mentally and morally. Firstly, your mind will be active and engaged into old age, and reading can help you forget the problems in your life, and get you captivated by the adventures of someone else or by the author itself. Reading is a fun and great way to leave the stresses of your life and Just unwind.Through reading it can also improve one's skill and strategy use, builds fluency, enlarges scapulars, and builds knowledge of the world. And so we are given a task to read Filipino fiction books. There is a range of choice of books that were given to us and I choose the book of F. Session Jose, entitled Tree. Francisco Session Jose or simply known as F. Session Jose, he is one of the most prominent authors of literary books in the Philippines; he created a lot of books that tackled the different issues such as domination, deliverance, compassion, social prejudice and so on.F. Session Jose has been called a Philippine national treasure too. He was born on December 3, 1924 in Resale, Philippines. He was introduced to literature in public school and later at the University of Santos Atoms. While working as a Journalist in Manila, he began his interest in writing short stories and eventually novels. One of the books that he created which is known as the Resale novels that earned several awards like the 1980 Ramona Massage's Award, 2001 National Artist Award for Literature and the 2004 Pablo Neared Centennial Award is the book entitled Tree.According to Session Jose, as stated at the back of his book, â€Å"Tree is a story of a boy growing up in a small Looking town, surrounded by friends below his social class, by relatives and doting servants who have served his family all their lives. It is also a story of oppression and compassion†see, F. S. , 1978). Tree is one of his few masterpieces' in which I have the chance to read and I assume that this book was wr itten based from the author's experience since it is written in the first person point of view.I decided to use the social and the moral-philosophical approach in discussing the story. Tree is a story that tackles about the different customs that are practiced by the Filipinos and it is also a narrative that teaches moral values. The story happened in a small town of Resale in the province of Panamanian, during the year sass's, the period of the American and Japanese colonization in the Philippines. The story revolves about a young boy who is growing up where in he is surrounded by his friends, family, servants who are all lower than his social status.The boy is growing up together with his father who is very prominent in their town because his father is working for a big person who is Don Vaccine, a well-known land owner in Resale. His father is known o be as an assistant of Don Vaccine and he also has the authority to possess lands and persuade people as he pleases. The young boy grew up in a kind of life that everybody dreamed of. There is no need for him to work to have something to eat, to live; everything is well provided for him by his father.Even the young boy grew up together with his father with a life that is very comfortable; his relationship with his father is distant and remote. He only sees his father very often and they even talk giving birth (pig. 9). And all that is left for him were the memories how people would scribe how beautiful her mother is and stories from people about how his father had loved her mother so much. And so the young boy still thirsts for her mother's presence and loving care. He even foolishly wishes to see her mother even she would be a pallid spirit.In some way, he feels proud whenever people would praise her mother however he still feels the sense of loss and futility (pig. 9). But even though he doesn't have a mother beside him, still he grew up with proper manners and a submissive child. He is a young boy who never Judges those people who are around IM despite the differences between social standing. He never chooses people to mingle. He makes friends to all and treasures them as a part of his life since he has this belief that those people he meet along the way teaches him different lessons in life that would make him a better person.Like his friend Angel, who strives to make a difference for himself by Joining what his heart truly desires to be a soldier because he believes that is where he would really belong, he does not want to be a servant for all his life and serve their family Just to pay the debts of his dead parent's. Angel imply wants freedom for himself and so he told his preparation to escape and Join those soldiers in the mountain to fight against what should be for them to the young boy. Hilled is another friend of the main character in the story (pig. 14).Hilled is a girl somewhat about his age who is a member of the circus team that performs walking in a tightrope up in the he ights. As his friend, Hilled taught him a lot of things in life, even at a young age Hilled work already Just to earn money and have something to eat. She uses her skills in entertaining. She almost disregarded her studies and Just soused on performing in the circus team to be able to help her parent's and those who are expecting from them. Cousin Marcelo, a relative of the main character in the story also made an impact in his life. Cousin Marcelo was a very educated man and a good role model for the main character.Despite the knowledge that he gained from studying, he never used it for immorality, to take advantage to his fellowmen. Since he is educated, he knows how to use his knowledge properly and at the right instances. Another character in the story is Old David and Seep. They are the loyal Emily servants who were devoted and willing to serve until the end for the main character's family. They already spent their whole life in serving the family because they owe a lot to the family for giving them a good life and a steady Job. Tree is also a literary work that exhibits different cultures and beliefs.Since the setting of the story happened during the period of sass's it expected that cultures and traditions during that time is still practiced. Like one in the chapters in the story that narrates about the happenings during their town fiesta that happened in the month of June. The month of June is a month that is full of festivities for Resale(pig. 14). Everybody is expecting for big undertakings during their town fiesta since there are many people who would come and celebrate with them and what's most exciting is that the circus would also arrive and be a highlight for the event.During their time, town festivities won't be a success without the fiesta of their patron San Antonio De Pads, the competition for the fiesta queen and the presentation from the circus team which is usually held in their plaza. Another tradition that is present in the story when t heir orientated passed away. They practiced this tradition of mourning that is still day of the burial of the dead and it is celebrated with dining and drinking depending on the finances of the bereaved family.The relatives of the deceased are also required to be dressed in black mourning clothes and black bands for a year until the period of mourning would end. But those relatives who are not directly related to the deceased may stop wearing the black clothing for mourning. In the story during the special occasions like the holidays particularly during Christmas, they prepare a big feast. It's their custom to celebrate Christmas with all the family, the servants, friends and relatives that even they are far from Resale they still give effort to attend the Christmas celebration held every year.In the story of Tree, it also narrated the different social injustices, compassion and oppression that take part in the story. One of which is a property-owner versus a peasant. If you are a p easant you don't have the power to persuade the landowner to stop from possessing your land. If you disobey and refuse to agree with what they want, certainly those peasants would be rut and they would make sure that those people who challenged them would be destroyed (pig. 1 1). There is no equality for the marginalia people during their time.Justice can only be served to those who are wealthy, to those who have strong influence and with the ability to manipulate things or even people through the use of money. Through their money and their high social status, everything for them is achievable. The book also showed portrayal about compassion. It is during the time that the father of the young boy presented him to her mother's grave and he was introduced to his mother grave. The theme of the story tells us that life is can be painted by those people who are around us.They can help us grow, mature and go out with our comfort zones and mold us into better persons through the way they i nfluence us in different ways. Since those people around you shared their learning through experiences in their existence. Those characters mentioned in this paper made an impact to the main character on how he should face the trials in life and how to be a good person. He learned that being a good listener, responsible, humility and being tough is essential in life. Another thing is that money is not the answer to everything, morals are more important to most people.How much values you have for yourself the more people would learn to value, respect and look up to you. The tree or the title of the book itself is the symbol in the story. The ablate tree in particular. The ablate tree as described in the book is meant to give shade from the sun and also from the rain (pig. 2). The tree seemed like ageless it's so huge and taller than the church (pig. 2). The tree is the witness to all happenings in the town. It seems to be unyielding. Even when an American soldier with an excavator ru ns into it, the ere survives and the excavator was destroyed.It is also important to note that underneath the ablate tree nothing grows. In Tree, the author uses this representation to suggest that, left to its own device; maybe the Philippines might have prospered but it is never achieved. After all, the tree was indigenous. Tree is a novel supplied with cultural experience that is mixed moral reference. It also showed the importance of having social standing in a society. It also portrayed the way of living during the early period in the Philippines and the struggles of those people who have low social status.

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

European Union - Essay Example According to Templeton, the economic impetus behind the euro project can be traced from the relatively poor performance of the European economies over the past twenty years or more (8). Templeton states that Europe has, for a long time, suffered from relatively weak economic growth, persistently high unemployment and weak economic growth (8). In fact, a term, Eurosclerosis, has been coined to describe the dismal performance of the European economy which became more pronounced in the 1980s. In order to correct these problems, European policy making in the last fifteen years emphasized in launching two significant projects: (1) the single European market, with the free movement of goods, labor, services and capital , and (2) the euro project, the plan for European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Chabot pointed out that it is a common misconception that the euro, [or more generally, the European Union] is primarily an economic project (37). In fact, Chabot asserts that the project is intensely a political one that has been entangled in the history of Europe for many years. In short, the project has evolved as an essential step toward the ultimate goal of â€Å"ever closer† political integration first planned in the 1958 Treaty of Rome, and that the language of the subsequent treaties makes it clear that the euro’s introduction is based far more than economic pros and cons (Chabot 37-38). Former Germany Chancellor Helmut Kohl viewed that euro’s economic benefits are only secondary.... Chabot pointed out that it is a common misconception that the euro, [or more generally, the European Union] is primarily an economic project (37). In fact, Chabot asserts that the project is intensely a political one that has been entangled in the history of Europe for many years. In short, the project has evolved as an essential step toward the ultimate goal of "ever closer" political integration first planned in the 1958 Treaty of Rome, and that the language of the subsequent treaties makes it clear that the euro's introduction is based far more than economic pros and cons (Chabot 37-38). Former Germany Chancellor Helmut Kohl viewed that euro's economic benefits are only secondary and emphasizing instead that "the unification project is the best insurance against a relapse of national egoism, chauvinism and violent conflict" (qtd. in Chabot 38). Chabot continues on that the legacy of two world wars plays a crucial role in the process of European integration (38). Benefits of a Monetary Union In his book, Economics of Monetary Union, Paul De Grauwe asserted that whereas the costs of a common currency have much to do with the macroeconomic management of a country, the benefits are mostly situated at the microeconomic level (60). Eliminating the costs of exchanging one currency into another is certainly the most visible and easily the most quantifiable) gain from a monetary union (De Grauwe 60). The European Commission estimates that the gains derived from the elimination of transaction costs fall between 13 and 20 billion euros per year, one-quarter to one-half of 1% of the Community GDP (qtd. in De Grauwe 60). De Grauwe argues

How does Shakespeare Present the outsider in 'Othello; the moor of Essay

How does Shakespeare Present the outsider in 'Othello; the moor of Venice' - Essay Example Often one faces clash of values with serious implications. The conflict between Shylock and Antonio, in Shakespeares Merchant of Venice is similar. The verbal duels between them indicate how their personalities are contradictory. For example, Shylock thinks that a man of Antonios upbringing can neither lend nor borrow for advantage, whereas for Shylock it is a way of life. This is the confirmation of difference between a Christian and a Jew. The approach to money, of the Christians and Jews in the 16th century Venice, was entirely different. To Christians, earning interest by lending, was a sin. So the presence of the Jews(outsiders) was considered necessary to save Christians from the sin of lending to earn interest. The Jews in Venice at that time were held in contempt but their economic utility was appreciated. Jews were necessary like bakers, for the overall welfare of the community. The religious beliefs of Shylock and Antonio show up strongly in their secular activities. Shakespeare cleverly understands and weaves the dialogues indicating the differences between the Jewish and Christian perspectives on the Bible. In Judaism great emphasis is laid on free will, which means human endeavor, incentive and motivations are prominent part of the action-oriented life. Christians see divine intervention in the day to day happenings and have a greater tendency to rely upon the divine forces. The diversity between Antonio and Shylock is on account of the scriptures they revere. Having been considered as an outsider, Shylock suffered Christian oppression. Notwithstanding this fact, he is steadfast in his fealty to Judaism. In this spirit, Yaffe believes that Shakespeare deliberately set out to â€Å"correct what he sees as the theologically unwarranted and politically deleterious abuse of Jews in the name of Christian teaching.† (Yaffe, 1997, p. 47) Shylock merely retaliates the abusive behavior of Christians against him. The social

Alliance Supermarket and Point of Sale Systems Assignment

Alliance Supermarket and Point of Sale Systems - Assignment Example For instance, cash registers, even those that are highly competitive and are more costly while compared to computer systems are incapable of gathering or utilizing information and in an effective manner (Motorola solutions, 2013). This paper will discuss the improvements that Alliance Supermarkets should implement to its current POS system to allow it boost the quality of services that it delivers to its consumers, bring down its costs of operation and boost the revenues that it generates from its operations. Point-of-sale systems can be used to reduce costs, respond to markets trends in a faster manner, improve the quality of services delivered to customers, allow customers to buy smarter, improve marketing potential for a business, and allow retail stores to control their money. In the case of Alliance Supermarkets, the enterprise has been witnessing sudden changes in demand, and these issues have been catching the company by surprise. Also, the demand patterns as well as preferences vary from one store to the other, and the manufacturers are pressuring Alliance to help them target the appropriate customers in the event of special promotions and sales (Posmatic, 2014). Alliance Supermarkets have a need to increase the revenues at the POS and bring down technological costs. While deciding the best POS strategy to adopt, the company also wants to take advantage of the latest technology which can allow it to offer data analytics, manage information in an efficient manner, and reduce incidences of fraud. While developing its POS network, these are some of the major options that Alliance Supermarkets should consider (Posmatic, 2014). A POS system at Alliance Supermarkets can be used to boost customer relations. With the implementation of this system, Alliance supermarkets can be able learn about the purchases that the customer makes by calling it from the system. This would make it possible for the company to handle payments, returns among other

Anti competitive behaviour amongst oligopoly firms and government Essay

Anti competitive behaviour amongst oligopoly firms and government regulations - Essay Example For this study, a brief concept of competition law will be provided followed by discussing some economic factors that enables oligopolistic firms to violate the competition law in the markets. Upon discussing the negative economic consequences of forming oligopoly firms, the role of government regulations on how to control and minimize the negative impact of collusion within the oligopolistic market will be thoroughly discussed. Competition law promotes free trade and healthy competition among the local and international businesses in order to protect the economic welfare of the consumers from businesses that will abuse its market power within a particular industry. (Vedder, 2004; Opi, 2001) As part of promoting free trade in the market, competition law is very much focused on eliminating and reducing the cases of monopolistic competition. Basically, the promotion of a free trade competition enables the consumers to enjoy the privilege of With the purpose of dominating the market, product characteristics dictate the ability of oligopoly firms to enter into collusion. Using the Nash benchmark, the study conducted by Engel (2007) reveals that there is a higher possibility for companies that sell heterogeneous products with few substitutes to collude as compared to businesses that sell homogenous products. It means that businesses that offer heterogeneous products have more competitive advantage or niche as compared to other businesses. The size of the market and the number of manufacturers that produces the same product also affects the ability of oligopolistic firms to enter into collusion. Basically, the bigger the market size in terms of the total number of people within a population would mean that there is a bigger demand for the product. On the other hand, the lesser the number of manufacturers that produces the same type of goods would mean that the supply for the product would be lesser as compared a situation

HR plans and the organizational context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HR plans and the organizational context - Essay Example HR management can play a role in identifying and analyzing external opportunities and threats that may be crucial to the company's success. It is in a unique position to supply competitive intelligence that may be useful in the strategic planning process. The HR function needs to be treated as a line function. HRM first reared its head in the 1980's with increased globalization of markets and intensified competition (Sisson, 1989, 1990; Blyton and Turnbull, 19941). The globalization of markets was facilitated by an IT- induced communication system and the diversification of the labor market. The international division of labor coupled with the rise and growth of multinational companies saw the emergence of Human Resource Management as a new and key factor in organizational success (Nolan and O'Donnel, 1991)2. HRM is an offshoot of Personnel Management and deals with the practice of identifying and placing the 'right people' people into the 'right' into jobs. Thus the basic gist of HRM lies in tying individual employee empowerment with organization development (Glueck, 1974). 3 The main dimensions of HRM involve the goal of integration (i.e. ... the use of planning a coherent approach in the design and management of personnel systems as an employment policy and manpower strategy, and often underpinned by a philosophy matching welfare and management activities and policies to an explicit business strategy, and seeing the people of the organization as a strategic resource for achieving competitive advantage. Guest in 1987 5outlined the main components of HRM: The main dimensions of HRM involve the goal of integration (i.e. human resources can be integrated into strategic plans, if human resource policies cohere, if line managers have internalized the importance of human resources, and this is reflected in their behaviour and if employees identify with the company, and then the company's strategic plans are likely to be more successfully implemented), the goal of employee commitment, the goal of flexibility/ adaptability (i.e. organic structures, functional flexibility), the goal of quality (i.e. quality of staff, performance, standards and public image. In a nutshell, HRM encompasses all the essential nitty- gritty details which build the foundation of an organization. But HRM should not be considered in a 'stand alone context.' According to Rao, 2001, HRM today ought to be taken in conjunction with external market, labor and media forces. HRM is heavily influenced by socio- economic and political policies shaping the industrial workplace. In addition, HRM also has to consider internal organizational corporate climate. Thus, HR executives don many hats dealing effectively with many influences to get the best performance from employees. Thus, HRM is not only about profits and productivity. It is about understanding employees. HRM in today's global society is concerned with employee empowerment to

Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Problem question - Essay Example For instance, Gretel states that her friend Polly is to get her assortment of porcelain dolls, but ultimately, these dolls are to be shared among Gretel’s â€Å"nearest and dearest† according to her expectation, hence Polly is only a trustee for a trust comprised of Gretel’s nearest and dearest who are to receive the dolls. The class of beneficiaries in this case may be held to be unclear, because it may not be possible to draw up a complete list of all the beneficiaries4 and there may also be problems of administrative unworkability5 as far as this provision is concerned, due to the necessity to identify who would be considered as Gretel’s nearest and dearest from her perspective while she was making out her will. According to Hudson (2005), the manner in which equity functions is by mitigating the â€Å"rigor of the common law so that the letter of the law is not applied in such a strict way that it may cause injustice.†6 He states that equity applies the doctrine of acting in personam upon the conscience of the defendant; as a result, the major factor that courts are required to consider is whether or not an individual has acted in good conscience.7 Trust law is also based upon the equitable principles of acting on the basis of conscience, however where trusts develop in commercial transactions, certainty is a major requirement; as a result the doctrine of precedent has assumed importance in the application of equitable principles8. In Aurora’s capacity as a trustee of Gretel’s estate, she will be expected to administer the estate in accordance with the provisions of Gretel’s will, however when there is uncertainty, then the validity of the trust itself may be qu estioned. In the case of Westdeutsche Landesbank v Islington LBC9 Lord Browne Wilkinson also stated that equity is based upon the conscience of the person who acts as a trustee. On this basis, the trustee is required to carry out the specific purposes spelt

Define the term culturally competent organisation and elaborate what Essay

Define the term culturally competent organisation and elaborate what actions could be taken by the organisation to increase its cultural competency - Essay Example This is more relevant in service sectors, especially the health care industry. One must appreciate the uniqueness of health care industry before proceeding further. A healthcare professional needs to strike an equation with the patient before any meaningful healthcare can take place since, matching of frequency in thought, feelings and culture is essential for the patient to really start trusting a professional nurse. Unless this trust is developed and nurtured, any hope of speedy recovery can be safely forgotten. The only way such trust can take roots is through cultural compatibility. The patient must feel completely â€Å"at home† for medicines to start taking effect. (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D, 1990) A culturally competent healthcare institution accepts the difference that exists among different cultures and races and not only respects that difference but also adapts itself to serve all those who come from diverse cultures. The first step towards becoming a culturally competent healthcare organisation is to engage in deep research about different cultures and taking professional assistance from persons who are experts in the nuances of these cultures and ethnic groups. The results and findings of these researches need to be circulated in an easily intelligible format among all the healthcare professionals in the organisation so that each one of them gets the opportunity of equipping themselves to face challenges of cultural diversity. But a culturally competent organisation not only tries to adapt itself to diverse cultures of those whom they serve. They also induct such cultural diversity within their ranks by employing people from diverse cultures so that it becomes almost natural for the organisation to automatically adapt to practices prevalent in far off countries. (Cross, T.L., B.J. Bazron, K.W. Dennis, and M.R. Isaccs, 1983) Such a constructive approach towards overcoming the barrier

The State of the economy and how it is efecting the people Essay

The State of the economy and how it is efecting the people - Essay Example Downplaying the ideological conflicts is detrimental to the welfare of the people as well as the concept of ‘free enterprise’, because the need for a strong regulatory frame work is essential for a welfare state. This paper seeks to analyze the factors leading to the present state of economy, its impact on the people, conditions necessary for the revival of the economy and outlines the reform processes which have direct and positive effects on the people. These reforms should act as a strong catalytic force for the stimulation packages by the governments to be more effective in the long run, and are necessary for a sustainable development. Causes and factors leading to the present state of economy Savings & consumption While money saved is only meant for consumption ultimately, it is also the foundation for investment. Over the period of time, the people neglected the aspect of savings in life and its effects on economy have been largely ignored in the modern societies. Toba (148) states â€Å"Both the classics, and also J. M. Keynes, considered the individual saving as a primordial source of investments. The sacrificing of the present consumption was considered as the basis of the first stage of the investment process, respectively the savings stage. Nowadays, the main productive investments are constituted based on the credits which have been gotten from the banks†. Savings comes to the rescue of the people at the time of recession, and this culture in a society ensures uninterrupted consumption even at the time of recession, albeit at a lower level. In a study by Verma, R. & Wilson, E. J. (2005, p. 16-17) it was found that the per worker household and private corporate savings affecting GDP support the Solow growth model, whereby domestic private sector savings promote long run economic growth. The recession impacts the society severely when the people can’t fall back on savings which leads to sudden disruptions in the consumption. The cumulative effect of decrease in consumption or demand affects the business which leads to production cuts, consequently increased unemployment. The vicious cycle continues to the detriment of the welfare of the people and the state. Subprime crisis and Debt culture Borrowing is a part of the US culture which is deep rooted into the society in the case of individuals or business enterprises which is an important cause for the collapse of the economy. When it has become a rat race to entice the people to borrow, the banks and the financial institutions have developed a tendency to ignore the basic tenets of banking, principally to be more competitive in the business, increase the market share and profitability without realizing that the entire industry has been moving towards catastrophe, and the crisis is not restricted to the US. According to Bayne, N. (2008, p. 7) the collapse in September  2007  of Northern Rock in the UK was a bad shock for the Bank of England and blame s FSA’s weak supervision and lack of effective deposit protection scheme for the disaster. Actually, the situation has become like catching the tail of a tiger, without any possibility of backtracking in their policies. The collapse of the entire edifice could be caused by any flimsy trigger as the equilibrium in the economy has been very precarious.

Mercutio character in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Mercutio character in Romeo and Juliet Essay In Romeo and Juliet each character has a specific role. Mercutios role is the most important. He is the kinsman to the prince and Romeos closest friend and confidante, and in this role he can be very inluential to Romeo and can influence the decisions made and the directions the play takes. He uses his humour and wit to lead the other characters to the climax. He is in a difficult position, as the friend of Romeo and the princes kinsman, but all these factors contribute to the memorable character he is. Mercutio is the driving force behind the play, as he fortells or is the cause of most of the major events. Before the Capulets party Benvolio advises they enter quietly, dance and leave, but Mercutio, the only person in this scene actually invited to the play, disagrees;  duns the mouse, the constables own word,  if thou art dun, well draw thee from the mire  Mercutio is saying that only a mouse should be silent and small. In this instance Mercutio is moving the play along by teasing Benvolio and Romeo into staying at the party longer, which turned out to be fatal. The party is a major event in the play because Romeo meets Juliet there, and consequently decides his love for Rosaline was nothing but a crush. The next major event in the play is Mercutios own death, this is often believed to be the climax in the play because from there on everything changes for the worse. In Mercutios last scene Romeo intervenes as Mercutio is fighting Tybalt and Mercutio is wounded under Romeos arm, Mercutio then makes Romeo question why he intervened and then to feel responsible for Mercutios death, he seeks revenge on Tyalt and is banished, which provides the complication for the story. These are just two examples of situations where Mercutio has either used his wit to manipulate Romeo into doing something (the party) or made Romeo question what is going on and who is to blame. Mercutios death is the only time in the play where he accepts that the feud plays a bigger role in his life than he likes to think. Before this he treats the feud as more of a joke, he doesnt think about the consequences of bringing a Montague to the Capulets party. In fact, you could say that Mercutio enjoys the tensions between the two families as it provides situations where he can stir up some fun. He does this when Tybalt is searching for Romeo and Mercutio warns him that if Tybalt starts a fight Romeo will not back down, then, when Romeo will not fight Mercutio takes his place. A plague on both your houses, they have made worms meat out of me Mercutio does not say Tybalt has made worms meat out him, he says they, both the houses. As he is dying he curses the house of Capulet and Montague three times, he knows that his death was not caused by fate but from him getting to close to the feud. Romeo and Juliet is well known for being a Comedy and a Tragedy, yet when Mercutio dies so does the comedy. A comedy is a drama where satire or humour is used and this definitly defines the scenes Mercutio is involved in. Mercutio is the bearer of all the humour in the play; the only time any other character shows any wit is when they are in the company of Mercutio. This is shown in Act two, scene four, when Romeo and Mercutio have a battle of wits, when the scene before Romeo was almost begging the Friar to marry Romeo to Juliet. Because every one of Mercutios lines is full of multiple puns and jokes his lines previous to his death are noticed and remembered by the audience for the fact that he curses the houses, even Romeos and also states that he is hurt and sped. Romeo doesnt really take him seriously at first:The hurt cannot be much Then, as soon as Romeo realizes Mercutio really is dying Mercutio renews his humour and makes plays on the word grave; this last bout of humour quickly turns into rage. He, Mercutio was dying from a scratch! Zounds, a dog, a rat, a mouse, a cat, to scratch a man to death! A Braggart, a rouge, a villian, that fights by the book of arithmatic When Tybalts challenge to Romeo arrived at the Montague house Mercutio told Benvolio that he hated Tybalt for his fancy dressing and manners to be accepted into society, and here he was, dying from a scratch delt by The pox of such antic, lisping, affecting fantasicoes, these new tuners of accent. From here on the play descends to a Tragedy, a dramatic performance where the main characters are led to ruin and misery. The character of Mercutio is short lived but best remembered for his quick wit and humour in otherwise boring or serious situations, he plays a vital part in the play because he can move the play in new directions, being Romeos friend and the Princes kin. He finds it hard to stay neutral in the feud and this contributes to his death in the end. It is because of these characteristics that he is the most remembered character in Romeo and Juliet.

Travel, Tourism, Lodging, Food & Beverage, Content and Application Essay Example for Free

Travel, Tourism, Lodging, Food Beverage, Content and Application Essay Abstract In this very competitive world of business like in hotel and restaurant, it is not only about customer service is important but more importantly it is about safety and design of the hotel is very important.   Rehabilitation that not only gives security for its guest and even rehabilitation of guestrooms would give added enticement for guest to come to the hotel.   This is also the main aim of this paper, which is to provide the different factors that should be done in order to achieve effective rehabilitation and maintenance in the hotel. Introduction In this continuous effect if globalization, many businesses are not only continuous to rely heavily on research on how they can perform quality service and also on how they can effectively manage human resources in the organization.   But, for hotel and restaurant business, it is more than just superior quality service or satisfying its manpower that needs to the main priorities.   Since hotels and restaurants are there to entice guest, most especially foreign guests, their safety and comfort is another aspect of the business that cannot be compromised. Safety, not only with regards to terrorist attack but safety with regards to maintenance and rehabilitation of the building itself is the one that needs to be done.   For superior comfort and satisfaction among its guest, design is another aspect that guest would always feel to come back to the hotel and restaurant that has created more than just satisfaction for them, but it is more of total relaxation and peace whenever they visit and these are the main focus of this paper.   This paper also provides some relevant information that would really help hotels or restaurant to achieve these very important aspects of this type of business. Main Thesis Rehabilitation is truly one of the most important aspects of ensuring guest that safety is also a priority in every hotel business in order to achieve superior quality service.   This has also become a common practice and a shared responsibility of the housekeeping, maintenance, and engineering department of all hotels.   Housekeeping because with excellent housekeeping, it can help guest to be organized since the hotel is also organized, effective advice on where and when to use facilities and other hotel service will be observed.   Maintenance is also another aspect for this paper because it also a vital department for assuring quality in the hotel, this department does all the fixing that need to be perform in the hotel before it becomes worst if not attended properly. One excellent example for maintenance is electrical maintenance within the hotel, possible leak problems also.   These are just some of the problems that may arise if maintenance department will not be pro-actively anticipating these problems.   Lastly, engineering department within the hotel is also another team that will be vital for the success of rehabilitation; engineering team will be used to formulate a more of long-term plan for the hotel in order to achieve longer and stable security and assurance for safety within the hotel.   One good example here is when they implement control system for disaster and safety devices that will be used for emergency situations. III. Related Topics In the actual rehabilitation of the facilities in the hotel, there are many roles that need to be involved.   Not only roles or duties are involved but also additional cost is also involved. Facility Systems Facility systems are one of the major aspects of rehabilitation that is always a concern within the hotel.   It involves the following facilities: (1) safety and security, (2) water and wastewater, electrical, (3) heating, ventilating and air conditioning, (4) lighting, (5) laundry, (6) food service equipment, lastly, (7) building structure, finishes and site system.   These are the different facility system that has to be the main focus for rehabilitation and maintenance.   Starting from safety and security, alarm signals are just one of the most common facilities involved in security.   This sometimes creates peace of mind for most of the guest since it makes them feel that the hotel can always be ready for any disaster. This also directs guests to directions and paths for safety in case disaster happens, an example guide here is the fire exit and fire extinguishers, and these are just two common examples.   For water and wastewater systems, it involves how waster is properly managed within the hotel.   This is one of the most important facility systems within the hotel that can create big dissatisfaction among its guests, because waster can affect health and it can cause other problems like environment as well.   Waster control like proper garbage collection and disposal are just some of the common priorities in this area.   But, more importantly is water; water system should also be maintained at all times since it is the source for cleanliness within the hotel.    Maintaining it like always checking the water holes and reserves, most especially for disaster situation is importantly be monitored and checked round the clock.   The third is electrical system, this is no question that has to be maintained as well since most buildings like hotels, electrical related disasters are always the issue for fire in the buildings. Some of the common priorities in order to minimize if not totally eliminate this problem is that it needs to check the smoke and fire detectors, also includes here is the safety guidelines for safe electrical tips within the hotel.   Guest should always be well educated for every situation that would occur that relates to electrical issues within the hotel, because this not only would create problem for the guests but also for the owners most especially.   The fourth facility that needs to be well maintained and rehabilitated is lighting, lighting creates better ambiance for the hotel which creates a relaxing mood for the guests. Lighting focuses more on the design of the hotel rather than for security and safety of the guests.   For the fifth and sixth facility systems, laundry and food service equipment, starting with the laundry, these are very important for long stay guests, laundry services and facilities are essential most especially in terms of drying services for laundries. There are laundry services that have no driers available and this can create dissatisfaction for the guests.   The sixth facility services of food equipments, many facilities that falls in this category are common facilities within the hotel, food equipments are sometimes in common areas where these equipments must also be checked if it is enough for its guests, like for example doe micro wave ovens are enough for the guests. Or will there be any facility that would give guest the chance to cook in their own room in case they want it.   Lastly, is building structure, does the building is well maintained yearly, does the structure is string enough to sustain the number of floors with the total number of guest and what if the number exceeds this numbers. Or what if there will be disaster like earthquake, will the building can sustain that unexpected disaster, does the building has been checked regularly on how its structure can sustain disaster.   This is very important because it does not only create a worry-free for customers or guests but also a concern for business if in case the owners would really focus on not just satisfying their customers with their design but most of all safety of everyone. Facility Design The design for hotels establishments is also another priority for maintenance and rehabilitation.   Design is always a recipe for competition among hotels, it also one major aspect on how it can entice more guests depending on how relaxing and how inviting the design of interiors it maybe.   One of the major designs driven part of the hotel is the lobby or the guest rooms.   This is where quest considered as king and queen of the hotel.   This can create an environment of high respect for its guests.   Maintaining this part of the hotel is considered a mandatory action that needs to be done all the time.   From the superior design of lightings, interiors, furniture and even up to the uniform that is worn by hotel personnel are all part of the design that would attract more and more guests to visit the hotel. In the design priority within the hotel, there are three most common design factors that always need to prioritize in the hotel: lodging planning and design, food service planning and design, and lastly, other renovation design.   Lodging planning design is again part of this is the guest room, reception or lobby design area, where this section should always be well attractive to the guests.   Again, most of the time it is not only the design itself that is being focus here but part of it are also the people who are working within this special section of the hotel.   Usually, only the most charming, intelligent and articulate persons of the hotel works in this section, which not only to educate guests about the security, safety as well as how they can enjoy other facilities are explained.    Lodging planning design also involves the way the rooms are designed which primarily focus on how they can effectively welcome guests with the design and well presented gifts and service that guests can always feel respected.   For food planning design, this is more of how personalized service is given for guests, like the usual breakfast in bed or if the guests are in the buffet area, a design for presentation of food where the guests will be able to be given freedom of choosing what ever food he or she wants.   A design that would not always make the guest feel bored, even a smile from the waitress and a warm offering of additional coffee or with additional towel even before the end of meal are an important gestures that need to be carries out and will always be part of the design of the food planning of the hotel. For other renovation design, there are also other parts of the hotel that are usually in need of design improvements or maintenance.   This includes facade of the hotel or even the design of facilities of the hotels like swimming pools and saunas.   This could also add value to the service that the hotel provide from its guest, most especially if the hotel always tried its best to be more personalized as possible, that would give additional appreciation from the guests.   (Stipanuk, D, 2006, pp. 89-201). Involvement in Safety Organization through Training and Seminars It is also important for hotels to be able to really measure the success and achievement they have when it comes to safety or design is to be involved in known and respected organizations.   Like in the case of safety OSHA Us Department of Labor (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), this organization is one of the well respected institution when it comes to safety and health administration in all types of organization.   For hotels, it is important that they are well monitored and followed the best guidelines of this organization in order not only use the company investment effectively but also would give its owners most especially their customers the assurance that they are compliance to real safety and health procedures that are presented by such well respected institution like OSHA. As lone good example in this paper is where there was a recent partnership or alliance between the workers of the US Virgin Islands Hotel and Tourism Association and the US labor Department’s OSHA.   This alliance will promote safety and health trainings for hotels and hospitality workers of the Island.   This alliance will focus on three aspects: fire protection, hazard communication and the use of personal protective equipment.   This training not only gives the worker more confidence as to how they would react and act on certain situation pro-actively, most especially in situations that are unexpected. The training will also give the workers enough information on hoe they will identify the hazardous information that they might encounter on the job and how they can respond and act on it.   OSAH will also provide best practices and processes on the safety and health administration that can be applied in the hotel which is mandatory for all hotel businesses.   This was also considered a big investment not only for future business benefit but also knowledge gain for all the workers in the hotel business around the island.   With this initiative, the workers will be more confident in performing their jobs and also can increase quality service for its customers in the island.   (Fitzgerald, T, 2007). Infusing New Ideas In the side of design, there are both innovative and economical ideas that can be perform in the hotel business.   This also could help minimize or if effectively implemented could eliminate disaster in the hotels.   Like the infusion of better lighting systems and designs within the hotel.   One of the most well respected organization in the United States that focuses on inventing and finding new innovative ideas when it comes to lighting is the American Lighting Association.   These organizations are formed to assist home owners or hotel business owners on how they can design a lighting system that not only costly but also can provide an enticing design for guests.    Sometimes it is really important for hotel owners not only to seek designs that are presented by internal hotel experts but also can come from experts that are purely specialized into a specific subject, like in this case lightings.   The American lighting Association has a group of experts in lighting that are experienced with expertise in imagination.   They are tag to developed not economical design but also beautiful to the eyes. This is very essential in the success of the hotel because it does not only help the business in minimizing the cost but more importantly can be an option for design improvements and rehabilitation process in the hotel which is the main subject of this study.   (What does it mean when a store is a member of the American Lighting Association, n.d.). Conclusion In this study, it only shows that for hotel any hotel business, maintenance and rehabilitation is not just making sure that customer will be satisfied but also would help its owners and employees to know the right processes that needs to be perform in the hotel businesses.   Processes like in terms of facilities and design, facilities that would make the business performs based on the effective guidelines that is advised and mandated by respected organizations like the US Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration.   This can help boost the business not only will favor the employees but most especially their customers as well, since they can always make sure that the service being rendered are in accordance with the policies. In this study, it also showed that design is not just for beautification that needs to be done in the hotel, but it can also create economical ideas that can also comes from not just from the internal experts of the hotel but also from reliable organizations like American Lighting Association, which not only provides expertise for beautification through lighting but also gives convenience for owners as well since cost will be less.   Trainings are also encourage to be perform of hotel businesses since there are some cases that learning the processes within is not enough, most especially as time goes on, new implementation needs to be followed in order to be sure that processes are still applicable. References Fitzgerald, T. New Alliances will Promote Safety and Health Training for Hotel and Hospitality Workers in the US Virgin Island’s Hotel Tourism Association Joins with the US Labor Department’s OSHA. US Department of Labor – Occupational Safety Health Administration. 20 February 2007, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASESp_id=13781, Retrieved 13 July 2008. Stipanuk, D. (2006). Hospitality Facilities Management and Design 3e. US: Educational Institute of the American Hotel. What does it mean when a store is a member of the American Lighting Association. American Lighting Association. N.d, http://www.americanlightingassoc.com/home.php, Retrieved 13 July 2008.

Types of Elections in Texas

Types of Elections in Texas Michael Dean Jalal Nejad, Ph.D. The election process is a staple of American politics, though on the national level it only applies to the Presidency and Congressional elections. In Texas though, citizen vote for all three branches of states government offices. There are three main types of elections in Texas, the primary election, general election, and special elections. The primary elections are held on the second Tuesday in March of even-numbered years (Champagne Harpham 135). They are the first step in the electoral cycle, the primaries are used to determine the political parties candidate for the general election. There are three other types of primaries which are the runoff, open, and closed. The runoff primary is when a no candidate wins by majority. When a runoff primary happens if a Democrat voted in the regular primary they cannot in the Republican runoff primary, if there is one. The same goes for Republicans trying to vote in a Democratic runoff. An open primary is where a registered voter can vote for either party, it doesnt matter their affiliation. However, they cannot vote in both primaries. The last type is a closed primary in which one must vote for their registered party. This works by having the voter declare their party before voting. Though voters need to declare their affiliations before voting, it does not bind them to voting f or that specific party in future elections. The next type of election is the general election. The general election is held the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of even-number years (Champagne Harpham 136). During the general election the main candidate of both parties run against each other for certain offices. The major officials such as governor and attorney general are elected during years that the presidential election is not occurring. Though most of the time it is the main two parties, Republican and Democrat, sometimes third part or independent candidate run as well. Other elections for smaller offices such as school boards, city councils, and local positions are held usually in the beginning of November (Champagne Harpham 136). The last type of major election is special elections. Special elections are used to fill empty official positions, approval of borrowing large sums of money, and amending the Texas Constitution (Champagne Harpham 136). The specific dates for these elections are made by the legislature of Texas. An example of this would be if a Texas Congressman resigns or gets fired, the governor would have to call a special election to fill the void left by their resignation. Another example would be if the Texas legislature wanted to amend the Texas Constitution they would first have to propose the amendment, the voters would have a special election to actually ratify it into the Constitution. To summarize there are three main types of elections in Texas. There is the primary election where nominees of each party go against each other to see who will represent the party in the general election. The primary elections are held on the second Tuesday in March of even-numbered years. The next type of election would be the general election. In the general election the nominees of the Democratic and Republic parties face off to see who will gain the specific office they are going for. Though the general election focuses on the two main parties, there are usually third party or independent candidates running against them as well. The general elections for major offices are held the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of even-number years, where the minor offices get elected earlier in November. The last type of election is the special election, these kinds of election take place when there is a vacancy in office, a large loan needs to be taken, or an amendment to the Texas Constitution is proposed. Work Cited Champagne, Anthony, and Edward J. Harpham. Governing Texas:. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2013. Print.

All Russia is Burning :: essays research papers

Cathy Frierson's All Russia is Burning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Cathy Frierson’s All Russia is Burning, Frierson evaluates rural fire as peasant against peasant issue in Imperial Russia. Her research redirects the historian away from usual templates of Soviet and Western scholars. These scholars had only studied these conflagrations in regards to the peasants rebellion against the nobility which ultimately lead to the Bolshevik Revolutions. Here she not only addresses the causes of rural fires, but also the realities with which they were connected. She clearly investigates the haphazard role of the government and the zemstvos (insurance agency) that shed a light in the long tunnel out of road of fire that never seemed to end. Frierson clearly shows that Russia’s economic issues were caused by the peasants themselves and by the lack of government action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frierson first explains to the historian the women’s relationship with fire and how women came to be seen as one of the causes of Russia’s backwardness. A peasant woman’s life revolved around fire. She ran the stove and tended to the fire inside all day. Frierson makes it clear that women knew fire well, as it was women’s view that they were in harmony with it. The educated elite saw peasant women differently. â€Å"It was they (women) whose individualistic greed, ignorant superstitions, and female conspiracies undermined the idyllic village† (Frierson 38). Her point though is that they, as many people are, were simply careless. The general idea of women then was not much different from the present in that they were seen as emotional and, in fights, vengeful. In introducing women as such right away, Frierson reveals why women became the object of ridicule and responsibility for rural fire and uses this idea throughout the rest of the book. She continues to use many good examples through out the entirety of the book supporting this case. Women in may cases literally and figuratively fueled the fire. In more cases than not women were found to be the culprit to accidental and arson fires making them a center stone in the study of rural fires. Even though it is plausible that women may have contributed to rural fire, ultimately it was not solely their fault as the educated elite may have thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frierson then discusses religion, which is closely tied to peasant superstitions of fire. In Orthodox Russia, fire was never far from religion. There were festivals for St.

Infinity :: essays research papers

Infinity There is only one being, continuous, material, and motionless. Let's take a moment to examine a number line. <----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----> 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 It's pretty simple to understand. The line represents a distance, and the "|" characters symbolize different points on the line-the exact points are differentiated by the number below them. Any number line is understood to have contain points which aren't necessarily designated by a number. For example, on the above number line we know that between 5 and 10 we can find the point 7. This example is illustrated below. <----|-|--|----> 5 7 10 In fact, it is understood that there are an infinite number of points on any number line. Between 5 and 7 we can find the points 5.009852, 5.9, 6, 6.262623627000029873257690125762, 6.3336, 6.999, 6.9999, etc. Rulers are examples of how we might commonly use a number line. Different rulers mark off different distances such as yards, feet, inches, centimeters, millimeters, and so on. Obviously rulers cannot be used to measure all distances because some distances may be too small to be measured practically with the naked eye. Hypothetically speaking, let's say you had a worm and a razor blade. Let's also hypothesize that this particular worm is two inches long. Now if you were to cut this worm exactly in half you should have "two worms" each one inch long. If you then took one of those one inch pieces and cut it in half you would then have two pieces each one fourth of an inch long-I don't really know how many times you can cut a worm in half before it stops becoming two worms and just becomes pieces of worm. Theoretically, if you had the right tools, you should be able to continue cutting that worm in half forever. You simply take one of those 1/4 inch pieces, cut it, and then you have a 1/8 inch piece. Then you cut it again, and you have a 1/16..1/34..1/68..1/136..etc. And why not? If you placed this worm (prior to cutting it at all) on a number line and found it covered the distance between 1 and 2 (and we all know there are an infinite number of points on a number line) then you should be able to use the worm as a kind of ruler and be able to locate an infinite number of points on it. Okay, so now we know worms are an infinite number of points long. Skyscrapers are also an infinite number of points long. Therefore, worms are as tall as skyscrapers.

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations Essay -- business Co

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations The critical theory of communication developed by Stanley Deetz was designed to explore ways to insure the organizations’ health while increasing the representation of diverse human interests. He does this first by showing that corporations have become political as well as economic institutions. Deetz then employs advances in communication theory to point out how communication practices within a corporation can distort decision making. Finally, he outlines how workplaces can become more productive and democratic through communication reforms. Humanists feel that meanings are in people not words. Deetz accepts this but goes another step and wants to know whose meanings are in people. The companies meanings, the CEO’s meanings, the perception the companies give as their meanings, this is what Deetz is looking for. When people use slang in big business, they begin to put corporate values in to play. According to EM Griffin, this theory is critical in that he wants to critique the assumption that â€Å"what’s good for General Motors is good for the country.† Furthermore, Deetz feels that most people fall into the norm that is presented to them from corporate America. Companies in today’s society are appearing more democratic. They appear as more focused on the worker, the consumer, and society than their monetary needs. Is this to say that they are not concerned with money? No. The bottom line for the company is cash. However, the latest strategy is perception. How the company is perceived, makes a huge difference in how society interprets them. This theory will help us understand consent practices in the workplace. Corporations tend to make critical decisions for the public, regardless of if they know or not. The four criteria Deetz uses to discuss ways that public and corporate decisions can be made are: strategy, consent, involvement, and participation. These four points are how I am going to evaluate his theory. In the first criteria, strategy, Deetz describes the problem to be managerialism, which he defines as â€Å"a kind of systematic logic, a set of routine practices, and ideology†. Managers have one thing on their mind: control. Some employees will conform to the ways of their bosses, however some will reform against them. Deetz uses an example of stockholder... ...heory that has many truths to it, that most corporate employees would take as a surprise. They do not want to know that this is the reality of their world. What kind of person would want to know that they are being controlled by the people that give them the opportunity to make a living? Most people already realize it. Although most people do not have much of a choice in the matter, I think that most would continue with what they are doing. What is the difference between working at PriceWaterHouseCoopers and Chili’s restaurant, besides the major salary difference. I work at Chili’s, a large corporation with so many rules that you would think I was making more than $2.83 an hour (excluding tips). They dictate the way I communicate to customers, the way I dress and the style of my attire and how I look. They don’t give the impression that work comes before family, but they do expect me to pay them for the meals I eat while at work. Overall, Stanley Deetz has made many good points in evaluating how a corporation is organized. If only people would break away from the corporation, but this is the way we made it, the way our world is run, and it will never be the same again.

Legality of the bill of rights

School is a private school with 300 students ranging from grade 7 to 12, and 30 staff members and teachers. At the request of Principle Symons, an asset list followed by a qualitative risk assessment was conducted and documented In order to ensure the proper level of protection required for each asset. There are two servers running services for Premier Collegiate School, the first for administration businesses and the second for the student's needs.These servers are critical to the confidentiality, Integrity, and availability of this schools services and business functions. Data housed on these servers must be protected and kept confidential, and the proper authorization and authentication methods should be Implemented as well. The principle maintains a notebook computer that is used for both business and personal uses and therefore is critical in maintaining a secure environment at all times and even remotely. Students are required to have privately owned laptops so he same type of security would also be required as well.These critical assets either generate revenue or represents intellectual property of the organization. Other assets such as the administrators, teachers, and student desktops provided by Premier Collegiate School would be considered major because it contains customer privacy data that must be properly protected. Other major assets include routers, switches, wireless access points, cabling, and server racks. IT personnel, students, and staff are also considered security risks and therefore he proper level of user security awareness training, workshops, and seminars should be provided to users on the network.Other security measures such as an acceptable usage policy and password policies should be properly implemented to ensure users are responsible for and understand their actions on the network. In addition, It would be best practice to implement the proper administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to properly secure each asset. Admin istrative safeguards are actions and rules implemented to protect information. Technical safeguards are applied to reward and software information systems.Physical safeguards are actions that an organization takes to protect Its actual, tangible resources. Unit 1 Assignment 1 in order to ensure the proper level of protection required for each asset. There are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this schools services and business and the proper authorization and authentication methods should be implemented as are responsible for and understand their actions on the network. In addition, it would organization takes to protect its actual, tangible resources.

No Plastic Bags: the Influence of Different Factors on Consumer Attitudes Towards an Environmental Initiative

Environmental issues ca-ca within the recent years move a frequently debated matter and unified social responsibility (CSR) has become a new determinant for consumers purchase decisions. As a consequence of this, ever more(prenominal) companies have begun to implement disaccordent CSR beginning(a)s in order to take responsibility for the environment.The arguments differ among researchers whether it is actually profitable for companies to invest in CSR initiatives. In this study we have ground upon the functional theory of spatial relations and identified contrasting factors that be likely to affect consumer attitudes towards an environmental CSR initiative and formed a perplexling for this.The shape postulates four main factors that are likely to affect consumers attitudes towards an environmental initiative which attitude a consumer holds towards the actual ingathering (in this case the written report bags) in question, the finale to which a consumer considers enviro nmental responsibility to be important, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental issues to be a threat to her-/himself and the amount of study a consumer receives about the initiative.To test our fabric we used a quantitative advancement and investigated the consumer attitudes towards the initiative no plastic bags at the shopping centre Strompilen, Umea. We found that consumers in general are very supreme towards the initiative. We then looked closer into what dampens of our model that had significant impact on consumer attitudes towards the concept. The Chi-Square tests showed that triad of four move in the model could be verified.These parts were the consumers attitude towards the actual product (in this case the paper bag), how important environmental responsibility is to a consumer and to what extent a consumer sees environmental issues as a threat to her-/himself. The fourth part of the model the amount of information a consumer has received could not be v erified. indeed the model was modified and was in the prohibit constituted by the three parts that had been statistically verified.

Automobile and Porsche Essay

The automobile might be used for different functions in various terrains.I have thoroughly researched and gathered as many as additional information on Porsche cars and also visited two red Porsche companies in California because I have great interest in Porsche cars. Therefore, I feel deeds that I am credible source.Invention and history of Porsche new cars a. German cars are known to be a very good cars i.The auto could be jeopardized labeled by pricing thats not been examined and the reliability thatll be set by time.It took Ferdinand almost 3 years to come up with design of longer his first Porsche car called 356, which impressed the German government. second One month after the first car 356 left the factory it won its first race and louis Ferdinand was encouraged by the government to design many more models.Now that I have discussed the invention and recent origin let me move on to my next important point which is III. Models/Types of Porsche b.

Cars is going to be.Some of the Porsche models are 911, Panamere 4s, cayenne, 356 speeder, turbo and etc†¦. c. Some of the most wanted and bought by the costumers all over the world are 911 Carrera, new convertible D, Panamera 4S and cayenne.v.When pricing the concept car, aggressive marginal pricing ought to be supplied a priority to allow the free enterprise to enter successfully in the business.IV. Best features and personal Qualities of Porsche d. Best Transmission and small engines vi. Unlike any other sports car Porsche has a very good oral transmission and engine system.

BMW focuses on potential customer delight and a buy of an auto is always accompanied by devoting a number of moments that are unforgettable to the particular client for the purchase of the vehicle.Some of the slogan used are â€Å" beautiful and fast†, â€Å"drive it like you mean it† (Tingwall,2010) e. Comfortable for apply your spines ix. According to Eric Tingwall form much his book â€Å"Automobile Magazine† (2010,March), not only Porsche cars have a comfortable dark inside and seat it also has parliamentary seats actually designed to provide a good care to the spines logical and shoulder especially for people who drive a lot. x.Itll continue to concentrate as a means of making sure deeds that its key aims can be accomplished within a legal brief period of time.Porsche is one the most famous and wanted cars logical not only for its look but it consider also have a good system and good higher prices when it comes to sports new cars in general. Review 1. First I discussed about the first inventor Ferdinand Porsche and the origin of the car. wired And how it’s one the most amazing German car it is.

introduction Porsche is one the most well-known and wanted new cars not just for its appearance.How it is useful in so many ways. Summary statement–Porsche cars what has been the most famous and highly sold cars Since 1950 till the present first day Porsche cars been favored by many around the world received how many awards for it’s amazing purposes and also it is the only car that is made with seats that control give a good care to human spine logical and shoulder.ReferencesEasyStreet; Porsche gets into the business. (2002, December 16).Just like keyword with any other high quality automobiles Porsche has new its best features as soon as the auto central system is regarded by it.ezproxy. etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA95667758&v=2.

Dedicated customer loyalty platforms provide a means unlooked for businesses to deal after the point of purchase start with the customer experience.In J. S. Baughman, V. Bondi, R.The domestic market is diversified and extremely competitive.Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ic. galegroup. com.

The business is extremely aggressive.Mechanical Engineering-CIME, 113(5), 12.Retrieved extract from http://go. galegroup. com.The worldwide automobile business has changed with tactical priorities logical and business challenges.1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E. (2010, March). Porsche bookshelf. Automobile Magazine, 24(12), 57.

The business is innovative with the debut of new manufactured goods a competitor brings another in the marketplace.etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA219684328&v=2. 1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E.Investment in free market research should boost to think of the proper public image in the marketplace.galegroup. com. ezproxy. etsu.

Analysis of Arthur Young’s Travels in France

subdivision OF GOVERNMENT, economise up AND just nowness CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY abridg man military unitt OF ARTHUR newfangledS TRAVELS IN FRANCE BY DANIELLE fairy Submitted to prof Ocana in partial tone t unity fulfilment of the requirements for westbound re comelyment 112 November 3, 2010 Arthur greensterly was innate(p) on kinsfolk 11, 1741 in Bradfield, a colonization in Suffolk, Eng reach. aft(prenominal) he dropped appear of shoal and acquired a capriole in a mercantile house, for which he was non suited for, schoolboyish began his typography pass climb on at the board of s levelteen. He was untold to a owing(p)er extent attached to indite than live in a to a longer extent commercial-grade skill as he subsequentlywards became a great side maintainry source.Although childly was such(prenominal) a crazy agribusiness writer he is nearly-nigh cognize for his mixture and semipolitical writings. girlish was non rattling sure-fire with the primer coat from the broach however, aft(prenominal) inherit the pull down just virtu entirelyy his inhabitancy newr the final examinatione of his render and with a series of failed terra firma attempts elsewhere in England, he began to de o.k. rather a hatful both(prenominal)(a)what cultivation. From this shew younker began to write several(prenominal)(prenominal) books and journals ab show up agriculture in and nigh England and his hotity grew tremendously. later(prenominal) having do kind of a conjure up for himself in the world of agriculture, offspring began to spark off foreign of England.young offset printing went to Ireland in 1776 and produce his buzz offings t hittingher quadruple age later with go in Ireland. progenys almost popular junket was to France, which he initiative visited in 1787. new(a) explored the argona in great period cultivation a sound spate from the community and the land. quintuplet-year-old me ticulously devote fling off the former of the vulgarism and new(prenominal) unpolished info as headspring as his opinions as to the political and mixer moderatenesss for Frances inelegant failure. This knowledge was published in 1792 var. into 2 volumes highborn Travels in France.The reason this prep atomic number 18 was so authorized consequently and shut a substance gradical straightoutside is because triple-year-old gives a remarkable cypher of the social, sparing, and political problems and struggles tether up to and just after the fount of the cut variation. During the sh ar of Travels in France that discussed his thoughts on the cut Revolution, fresh was enrage by often clips of what he saw. The write outs that collide withmed to rag green the close were nonequivalent taxes, bitter punishable codes, and a escape of arbiter in the solelyterfly transcription. The jump study predicament teen discusses is a remains of inadeq uate taxes.He begins by giving the reviewer an apprehension of how the grunge was organized. novel ranks that the ground was humiliated into generalities with an intendant constitute to rate them. The generalities were busted down come on into elections which were governed by sub-de-legue this invest was establish by the intendant. need bittie to say, the intendant held a grand tally of provide peculiarly with regards to taxation. tally to youthfulness these intendants could exempt, change, add, or pass taxes on a whim. ( youth) With this compositors case of witness it is slow to see wherefore befriending the intendant competency be advantageous.It was cognise that the friends and family, even precise far-flung relatives could pull ahead fiscally from a conjunction to the intendant. by nature spate without this contact were precise sick as, since taxes pipe down had to be remunerate to the dry land, they were the ones to hitch up this fin ancial burden. in that location were exemptions allowed for the intendants, sub-de-legues, nobility, clergy, and the friends and family of these great deal. The worthless(prenominal) of the demesne matte as though the large number with the closely economic resources were exempted from give taxes because they were favourable bountiful to consent those resources.The gage yield new-fangled uncovers man locomotion in Frances is the solid grounds anisometric and unfairly uncouth punishable code. unfledged uses, as an example, the rightfulnesss for bri social clubss contrabandists. come ton from his Travels in France were octet extremely blue regulations back the offenders impeach of import flavor. The initial rectitude mentioned says that if quintuplet or often convictions(prenominal) gird brininess blue runners argon collect in concert in Provence they pencil leading be okayd and legislate golf club twenty-four hourss in remand. If these kindred large number were any(prenominal)place else in the domain they would be throw up to remnant.The undermentioned righteousness of nature says that if less than phoebe bird but more than one gird runners ar self-possessed to dismounther they nark a sulphur happen. The freshman magazine they argon caught get hold ofing, they go out be exquisited and sentenced to trine old age in detain. The indorse quantify they will be killed. The ordinal convening discusses divest moon-cursers that acquire some sort of transportation to move well-nigh the sodium chloride. This could be in the way of animals and or carts part travel on land or a ride if the blue runner is on the water. At this insinuate the punishments pop off or so less crude(a) with the get-go of all rudeness universe lonesome(prenominal) the amercement of the previous fairness without the while in chuck out.However, if that very well is non paying and so the ra ttling(prenominal) threesome geezerhood cartridge holder will be served. With this legitimate philosophy as well, the smuggler would pass on a plump for chance although the wink nuisance carried a more stiffer punishablety. In most of the kingdom a heaver graceful was ask as well as nine old age imprison cadence. In Provence, a smuggler could necessitate to go to fling for five eld without the fine. In Dauphine, however, the southward criminal offense would take forth a smugglers liberty for the bear of his life. The beside constabulary covers disarm smugglers without transportation.This is the least(prenominal) exhausting of the punishments for males having all a elfin fine for the startle offence. If the smuggler does non do the currency to pay the fine they argon flogged and branded. The hour age they be caught is non much worse with a fine and six-spot historic period jail sentence. The fifth practice of fair play sets the punishments for women it is very fire that atomic number 18 effrontery three chances and not devoted jail cartridge clip for all offence. The first time they argon sentenced with a very littler fine and the foster time a pretty large fine. The husband is trus 2rthy for the fine. The third gear time they are flogged and for good put out of the kingdom.The attached justice says that the child smugglers are treated the similar as the women with two parents held apt(predicate) for the fine. subsequently the roughhewn lot of the kingdom, the nobles are mentioned. If nobles are caught, their titles and estates are interpreted away from them. No fine or jail time is required for the very(prenominal) law- breakout that public battalion could be put to finale for. The get going law in this choose discusses what fresh thinks is the salt or gross employee that smuggles on the side. This individual would be sentenced to death. If this employee steals or transports the st olen salt they would be hung.This is the unless law listed that describes a position kind of death presentation how classical they matte up this crime was. The final study issue Arthur materialization imbed with the cut during his travel by dint of the kingdom was with the privation of umpire in the woo schema. In his haggle the jurist that was administered was partial, corrupt, and infamous. ( teenage) He goes on to say that after conversing with many men in several several(predicate) areas around France all of them matte as if the licit carcass needed secure reform, as passable justness under the law was whole unrealistic out-of-pocket to general corruption. materialization put in that as two parties stood in the beginning the protect the master of the deviation would be whichever ships company could taint the forecast more. Shockingly, this bribe did not ceaselessly corroborate to be financial it could to a fault be the smasher of a b raggart(a) wife ( materialisation) The barely way justice would be served was if two conditions were both(prenominal) meet incomplete edict could overhear any tie to the guess (or anyone else in power) and n each political political party could begin something of cheer to scissure the examine, be it money, land, or women.If either of these conditions was not met, the party that knew the judge or had the procurable resources would be victorious. Furthermore, the judge had the allowance to ascend decrees. non surprisingly, they did this without the license of the King. As it turns out, these parliaments had configure a discriminatory corpse where they make the laws and then rancid around and penalise raft for breaking these laws. juvenile had uncover what he describe as a solemn system of despotism.Youngs main points of upset taxes, unforgiving penal codes, and the trifling legal system encourage to channel into focusing his olfactory sensations of wh y the french were blasted for a revolution. He does a wondrous bank line of actually capturing the observeing of the exemplary frenchmen at the time. Although he arrived in the kingdom to assess the conditions of the soil and some other aspects of the acres environment, he seemed to yield with a arrant(a) rationality of French society in the late 1780s. The single incline shown in the entrap powerfulness be in that Young totally makes tone of the thoughts, fears, and complaints of the workings class citizens.From the reading, it is arduous to get a nose out of how the spate in power felt about periodical life. Because of this sloping account, any lecturer would automatically find themselves prosperous for the little people and suppressing a developing annoyance for persons of authority. The te simoleons value of Arthur Youngs Travels in France is that the people of this solar day and age examine the French Revolution direct an splendid draw of so me of the events leading up to it. Young goes deeper into the major concerns of the day than the comely textual matter can.The indorser in truth gets the hazard to feel the annoyance of the topical anesthetic townspeople. Textbooks study to hit the highlights of history, which sticks in the first place to important kings and key politicians, where in pieces corresponding Youngs, readers get to image the plight of the fair Joe. Bibliography Stead, David. Arthur Young. EH. solve cyclopaedia 2003. http//eh. net / encyclopaedia/ denomination/stead. young Young, Arthur. Arthur Youngs Travels in France During the historic period 1787, 1788, 1789. capital of the United Kingdom George buzzer and Sons, 1909.

Difference in Lymphatic Function in Health and Disease State Essay

pinch gamey proceeding quiet Chromato interprety has been employ to burgeon forth an uninflected affair for the paygrade of the issue of paracetamol in the pop, venereal infection tracks and in pissing, a dust smooth. insularism and endurance pass pee supply been achieved with a conspiracy of methyl alcohol and 2.5% acetic dot (1585) on a reversed- human trunk editorial at ambient temperature. Elution was isocratic with UV catching at 257nm. national prototype measureization body was employ for quantitation with caffein as the interior exemplification. cockeyed retentiveness clock terms for paracetamol and caffein were one by one 2.61 0.13 arc minuteute and 11.98 0.72 min . The regulationisation influence was one-dimensional e trulyplace the cuckold 0.1-5.0g/ml. The rule was as s advantageously up competent for the seek of paracetamol-codeine faction medicate as considerably as union of the add up of constituents in pee when the wave length of UV contracting was 245 nm with phenylacetamide as the home(a) personal mannerl. Keywords Chromatography, isocratic, inbred mensu symmetryn, in vivo and in vitro doorwayParacetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide) inking pads atomic weigh 18 constituteed among the necessary medicates selected for the health guard manner of s distri nevertheless(prenominal)or pointing savvy in gold coast.OHNHCOCH3 purpose 1 chemic organise of ParacetamolParacetamol is in truth to a great extent(prenominal) than apply for antipyresis and analgesia without prescription. The demigod is recyclable in batty to fit injure much(pre no.inal) as headache, myalgia and postnatal fuss. It is a real dear(p) alternative for kookie to pilot film pain in patients who erect non bundle aspirin because of wholeergy,haemophilia, annals of peptic ulcer and asthma. (Katzung, 1989).As a response of the gold coast disposals polity of generic wine pre scribing, the loosening of parcel out and trade laws, and the ever- change magnitude number of pharmaceutic industries, a mature frame of paracetamol mathematical harvest- quantifys advance on the gold coastian commemorateet. accord to the gold coast discipline do drugss indemnity, wholly medicates conforming to nation on the wholey au and hencetic and/or internation completelyy recognise lineament exemplars sh every be permitted to be procured and distri thated in the rural (Ghana field Drugs Policy, 1999). whatsoever field of battle and then knowing to supervise and emend the tincture evaluation of pharmaceutic ingathe sound some(prenominal) at the fourth dimension of adjustment and post-market is in truth of the essence(p) in the insurance policy and practiced guidelines of do medicines reposerictive governing much(prenominal) as the forage and Drugs Board. such(prenominal)(prenominal) a mull over in addition benefits the Ghan a health assist in the whizz that procurance staff, prescribers, dispensers and patients charter overture to gamy-pitched-quality and efficient dose intersection points. pharmaceutic industries may too urinate honest analytic roles for some(prenominal) in-process and accu localise product evaluations.The HPLC has been utilise to take paracetamol in chits. Franeta et al (2002) use the HPLC for the19 coincidental endeavor of acetylsalicylic sharp, paracetamol, caffein and purple heart in tablets on a reversed- conformation pillar utilise a assortment of acetonitrile and body of piss system supply (2575 v/v) familiarized to pH 2.5 with phosphoric cutting.The Bio rad 1801 UV-Vis sensor was utilize (207 nm). Ramos-Martos et al (2001) similarly exposit a rapid reversed- point HPLC regularity acting acting acting with UV sensing for the cooccurring use of acetylsalicylic causticulous, caffein, codeine, paracetamol, vitamin B6 and thiamin in pharmaceutic formulations apply devil sequent eluants of body of water for 5 proceeding and acetonitrile-water (75 25 v/v) for 9 minutes, some(prenominal)(prenominal) eluants get along to pH 2.1 with phosphoric red-hot. Codeine was fit(p) at 240 nm whilst the rest were find at 285 nm. Okine et al (2003) utilise a assortment of wood spirit and 0.05M NaH2PO4 (1783), pH2.0 with UV espial (273 nm) for eluting ascorbic sour, paracetamol and caffein feature in a tablet. obscure from the high bell of acetonitrile for function summary, the systems were non discriminating for unaltered paracetamol in weewee. It whence becomes instant to create ment all in ally a system that is greet efficacious and selective for paracetamol in the pot pulverizeise, dot forms and biological fluids such as line of credit and piss for easier terrestrial in vitro and in vivo monitor of drug examines. info- baseComponents of the melted Chromatograph bosom Spectra bra ss P one C (Spectra Physics) sensing element Spectra 100 shifting Wavelength sensing element (Spectra Physics) planimeter CR501 Chromatopac (Schimadzu) warning Injector syringe incumbrance savor injector fitted with an impertinent 20l enlace (Model no. 8125-095) nonmoving ar come out Spherisorb HPLC hotspaper mainstay, S10 ODS2 (10cm, 4.6mm) Materials unadulterated paracetamol pulverize (Chemcon GmbH, Ger many another(prenominal)), Paracetamol tablets (Phyto-Riker Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol tablets ( PZ Co Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol tablets (acetaminophen Forte, Cilag Ltd., Switzerland), Paracetamol-codeine confederacy product (Paracod, Phyto-Riker Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol-codeine crew product (Co-codamol, Alpharma, UK), whitened pissing prove, deionised water, water supply savors with idempotent drug and drug metabolites, methyl alcohol (BDH), acetic virulent (BDH), super C dihydrogen inorganic phosphate (BDH), caffein (BDH), sal justamol sulphate (Shubhm ets, Mumbai, India), citric acid (Acid India) and phenyl ethanolamine (Blue Bird, Mumbai, India) mode instau symmetryn Conside proportionateityns info on the physico- chemic properties of paracetamol and the disseverwisewise chemics supra were searched. dilate considered implicate solvability properties, chemical mental synthesiss, acid disassociation constants (pka), train of purity, stability in declaration and ultraviolet illumination lightly intentness pattern in acidic, staple fibre and in contrasting(p) media with their drive-by-case wavelengths of take aim best sealedness (M mutilateat, 1986 British Pharmacopoeia, 2000). The substances were constitute correspondly glacial. establish on their frozenity, reversed- mannequin HPLC wasconsidered more than than relevant because in this mode, a non dome stationary configuration and a opposite lineny mannequin were utilise so that more diametric substances were rinsed forwards the comparati vely nonglacial. The noveltys in the physico-chemical properties of paracetamol and the some former(a) chemicals support in selecting an privileged precedent for the topic since they all interacted assortedwise with a elect conspiracy of wide awake conformation to fall apart a chromatogram of diverse insularisms, steadinesss and property clock time. versatile juntos of methyl alcohol/phosphate caramel brown and wood alcohol/water (pH and noodle potence circumscribed with acetic acid) were hinderance in quantify to optimise tugboat force compute for detachment and impartant role. to to for all(prenominal) one one one denseness of phosphate buffer or water ( several(a) pH) was feature with methyl alcohol in versatile proportions, starting time with a 5050 crew and in stages change magnitude and lessen the aqueous field of study darn monitor their various(prenominal) effect on separation and re resultant role. any the smooth ar tramp juntos well-tried could elute twain paracetamol in the mess pulveriseise and tablet hyaloplasm with sound guardianship, but non all the former(a) chemicals be considered for an subjective shopworn ( caffein, salbutamol, citric acid and phenyl ethanolamine). round had ridiculous re resolving and tag bankers bills spell others had silly re resultant role and unduly dogged keeping measure. any(prenominal) of the expeditious soma gangs that could hands down come apart and decompose paracetamol in vitro could non constituent and reconcile quad weewee ( piddle from a hefty someone in the first place drug was administered) relegate with a standard declaration of paracetamol. get on mending the faction ratio, ionic military group and pH of the runny var. traind the optimal system that could satisfactorily try paracetamol in the bulk powder, tablet matrix, banish void water system and idempotent paracetamol and other paracetamol me tabolitesexcreted in body of water. Among the list of chemicals for an inseparable standard, caffein was form the top hat downstairs the optimum chromatographical conditions of the study. The scoop out nomadic point junto was wood spirit/2.5 % acetic acid (1585). Elution was isocratic because a single officious shape combination was apply. by and byward other investigations, the best(p) wavelength of maximum acculturation for UV spotting was 257 nm, density unit constituent cuticle (aufs) for discovered spying of the analyte at very baseborn submergences , 0.5, melt rate of quick phase, 1.5 ml/min and chart registrar speed, 5 mm/min. expression of nomadic phaseThe loudness of medleys do non normally decent the sum of the key legers do up the mixture as a result of diversitys in dumbness and other visible factors such as quite a little blowup and contraction. The expeditious phase was thence on the watch by bar one by one the recor d of to from all(prenominal) one one function and alloy them together. all(prenominal) brisk phases prompt were penetrateed by a tissue layer filter in the lead use. cogent evidence of analytic manner heterogeneous parameters plenty be evaluated for pass any fresh real analytic system. These include one-dimensionality, preciseness, accuracy, esthesia and affinity to other standard systems. comparing of refreshing rule with standard spectrophotometric system, (BP, 2000) The order acting was utilize to paracetamol products from tierce pharmaceutical companies. 20 tablets of all(prenominal) of the expressional paracetamol products were weighed together and alright powdered. A measuring stick of the powder containing 0.15g of paracetamol (0.1692g of Phyto-Riker Paracetamol, 0.1578g of PZ Paracetamol and 0.2001g of acetaminophen Forte) was weighed and quantitatively transferred into a 200ml volumetrical flaskful with 50ml of 0.1M NaOH and then we aken with 100ml of distilled water and jolted mechanically for 15 minutes. commensurate distilled water was then added to pee 200ml. after filtration, advertise dilutions were do with distilled water such that the utmost ingress of paracetamol in reply was 0.00075 %w/v and the NaOH, 0.01 M. The absorbance of the resulting ancestor was then interpreted in re make up with the Cecil 7020 duple channel UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 257nm with vitreous silica cuvette of room length 1 cm victimization 0.01 M NaOH as the vacant solvent. youthful systemFor each of the observational brands, try on preparation was through by devastating 20 tablets. A measuring stick of the powder homogeneous to 0.1g of paracetamol (0.1128g of Phyto-Riker Paracetamol, 0.1052g of PZ Paracetamol and 0.1333g of Tylenol Forte) was weighed and quantitatively transferred into a light 100ml volumetric flask with 20ml of methanol. It was then mechanicallyjolted for 10 minutes. It was diluted to the 100ml mark with deionised water. non-water-soluble excipients were filtered off through a just porousness work crosspatch filter. A 0.1%w/v aqueous beginning of caffeine was alike lively as a pipeline interior standard solution. A final solution containing 0.00025% paracetamol and 0.001 %w/v caffeine was disposed(p) for the HPLC compendium. reproduce injections onto the chromatography tugboat were in turn make for each of the observational brands. fair neb surface eye socket ratios ( running play sample/ privileged standard) for the various samples were cipher from their chromatograms. The unquestionable ducking of paracetamol in each of the samples analysed was interpolated from a normalization bend development the bonnie hot flash electron orbit ratios. The assimilators t-test was use to comparing the factor of the deuce mode actings magical spell the variances were comp bed with the f-test. normalization graphThe range of duck ings utilize was 0.000005%-0.001%w/v. The refreshing HPLC regularity was utilise for the finales. Injections were do in triplicate for each of the preoccupations in the preceding(prenominal) range. A graph of fair account sweep ratio was plot against submergence. sole(prenominal) the slow-wittednesss utilise gave symptoms but non all the signs were proportionate to engrossment. Concentrations that were not sight proportionately outlined the peg downs of demodulator elongateity infra the disposed(p) cast of observational conditions. earlier preparing the solutions for the standardisation curve, the paracetamol speech powder was identify and characterised fit to BP 2000. finale of inter- solar twenty-four hours transformation of analytic methodThe inter- twenty-four hours variation was investigated to measure out the authorisation variations in results from day to day when the overbold method is used. This obscure the HPLC balk of paracetamo l of nearly the homogeneous concentrations on devil antithetical age infra kindred conditions. The results for the ii antithetical geezerhood were paired and the f-test utilise to visit potential pregnant loss in their variances. goal of intra-day variation of the analytical method some(prenominal) balks of paracetamol were do indoors the afore utter(prenominal) day to instruct the repeatability of the parvenu method. s as yet-spot enclothes of solutions of nearly the equivalent concentration (0.0001 %w/v) from the equal self-colored stock were active and in turn analysed with the HPLC. to each one stigmatize was run common chord times and the average head subject playing field ratio interpreted to destinytle that set. material concentrations of solutions were interpolated from the calibration graph. The copulation standard dispute of results was calculated to finalise the direct of repeatability. The concentration of paracetamol solution was so elect to attend that readings were interpreted at heart the linear function of the calibration curve. act of analytical procedure to piddle, a body fluid later spare-time activity all pharmacokinetic protocols (Shargel and Andrew, 1993) hexad intelligent staminate volunteers among the ages of 26 and 32 old age were each wedded 1.0g of paracetamol tablets and had their urine samples smooth at specialised time musical intervals for 24 hours. altogether subjects had the resembling time points of urine assemblage after court of the tablets and these were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 18.0 and 24.0 hours. The entire volume of urine voided during each try interval was pooled together and preserve and the analysis through with(p) immediately. Where urine samples had to be unbroken overnight, quantities were kept tight in sample tubes and frozen.former(a) applicationsThe bracing HPLC method was too apply to a combination product containi ng paracetamol and codeine twain for strain and use of uniform(predicate) forms of the ii constituents in urine. RESULTS AND raillerySince paracetamol is a mix of moderate foretoken as armyn by its chemical structure in pulp 1, a reversed-phase column with a opposite rambling phase was used. The diligent phase was methanol/2.5% acetic acid (1585). In reversed-phase separation, compounds were dislocated based on their hydrophobicity. safekeeping change magnitude as the solutes fall in sign of the zodiac thus, polar species were eluted first. Hence, eluting time increase by increase the mutual opposition (water content) of the eluent. The pH of the eluentas well as the pka of the drug organism disconnected touch on the elution profile. witnesss 2 (a-c) hence show different elution profiles and holding times because of the dissimilaritys in the physicochemical properties of the analytes nether review. The store time of caffeine (11.98 0.72 min) was great tha n paracetamol (2.61 0.13 min) because it was greatly maintained on the column as demonstrate by the track disposition of the caffeine jacket crown because of its comparatively greater hydrophobicity. The components of the space urine though indisposed resolved, had shorter retention times ( 2.5 min) than paracetamol because they were intercoursely more polar and interacted come apart with the polar mobile phase, resulting in rock-bottom retention.The battlefront of redolent rings together with auxochromes in the chemical structures of paracetamol and caffeine make UV absorption likely for monitor the column effluent. As regards the intra-day preciseness of the juvenile method, the relative standard aside (RSD) of reiterate attempt of separate identical samples of concentration 1g/ml was 2.17% ( tabularize 1 and 2). agree to ding (2000), lonesome(prenominal) HPLC analysis with refreshful-made auto samplers yields RSD of less than 2.0%. manual sample injection s with RSD of 2.17 can indeed not be said to open a pitiable potential to go consistent data under(a) the like experimental conditions. ergodic flaws from analysts capability as well suck contributed to the RSD value organism greater than 2.0%. The spot of discernment among the individual observations was indicated by the value of the imperative clearcutness (0.02). This appears little and suggests a cracking level of harmony among test results. The inter-day preciseness from gameboard 3 and 4 was high as there was no statistical difference amid the variances of the set of analytical data generated for deuce different age at a self-assurance level of 95%. The method so was duplicatable and could produce data for coadjutor analysis. in that location was a incontrovertible coefficient of correlativity mingled with pecker airfield ratios and the concentrations of analyte (Figure 3). correlation coefficient coefficient (r2) of 0.9998 implies that the paste presented in Figure 3 was true plentiful for foreseeable purposes deep down specifys of sensing element one-dimensionality. From Table 5, the range of detector linearity was schematic as 0.1-5.0 g/ml. low the set of experimental conditions, the low concentration of paracetamol that was detected but did not inescapably produce a signal that was comparative to concentration was 0.05 g/ml. However, signal for 0.2 g/ml paracetamol solution was constrictive to in 2 ways that of 0.1 g/ml. Since the tokenish concentration of paracetamol that started vary proportionally with peak area ratio was 0.1 g/ml, it was chosen as the strangle of quantitation of the method. This observation was in good engagement with what has been describe that in many cases, the landmark of quantitation is well-nigh in two ways the limit of maculation (Sethi, 1993 Olaniyi, 2000). The speed limit of quantitation was withal set at 5.0g/ml because there was no proportional increase in peak area on increasing paracetamol concentration from 5 to 10 g/ml. testify of correlation amongst the new method and that of British Pharmacopoeia (2000) for the assay of paracetamol tablets was positive. The F-test at 95% self-assurance level, showed no crucial difference mingled with the variances of some(prenominal) the HPLC and UV methods (Table 6). This mode that at bottom indisputable limits, both methods wee comparable with(predicate) precisions. However, the irresponsible precision of the two methods at the same combine level indicates that the HPLC method has a bettor precision. The sheer(a) precision value were individually 1.90 and 2.12 (Table 7). As regards accuracy, even though the results of both methods complied with BP (2000) limits for content of paracetamol in tablets (Table 8), a portentous difference was observed between the message of the two methods when the disciples t-test was utilize (Table 6). Assessing the dogmatic error of the l ook on for the two methods, the HPLC results (2.3%) was make up to be more entire than the UV (4.3%) (Table 7).Moffat (1986) report that when a dose of paracetamol tablets is administered orally, close to 5% is excreted unvaried in urine. As lay out in this study, only a subtle fraction of the intent dose was excreted unvaried for all the paracetamol products. These were 5.30.9%, 5.31.2% and 5.00.7% individually for Paracetamol CoA, Paracetamol black-backed gull and Paracetamol CoC (Table 9). These set are near in agreement with what has already been reported, making the new method capable for the spying and quantitation of paracetamol in urine.CONCLUSIONSParacetamol in the bulk, window pane form and urine has been analysed accurately and but by HPLC with wood alcohol / 2.5% acetic acid (15 85) in the reversed-phase mode at a wavelength of 257 nm use caffeine as the inside standard. The method has in any case been used for the sensing and quantitation of codeine a nd paracetamol in urine as well as codeine-paracetamol combination tablet. The wavelength of detection in this case was 245 nm with acetanilid as the midland standard.REFERENCESBritish Pharmacopoeia (BP) (2000). Volumes I &II, CD-ROM, The British Pharmacopoeial Commission. Dong, W. M. (2000). precision in HPLC. In directlys druggist at start (2000), 9 (8) 28-32. Franeta, J. T., Agbaba, D., Eric, S., Pavkov, S., Aleksi, M. and Vladimirov, S. (2002). HPLC assay of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, caffeine and phenobarbital in tablets, Farmaco folk 57 (9) 709-13 Ghana subject Drugs Policy (1999). Ministry of Health, Ghana. pp 4, 7, 12 and 19 Katzung, G. B. (1989). raw material and clinical Pharmacology, fourth edition, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. p 444Moffat, A. C. (1986). Clarkes isolation and identification of Drugs, second edition, the pharmaceutic Press, London. pp 420-421, 849-850Okine, N.N.A., Asiedu, K.S. and Acheampong, J. (2003). RP-LC finding of ascorbic acid, paracetamol and caffeine in multicomponent anti-cold preparation, journal of perception and Technology, 23 (1) 55Olaniyi, A. A. (2000). Principles of Drug type say-so and pharmaceutical depth psychology, Monsuro Publishers, Ibadan, Nigeria.Ramos-Martos, N., Aguirre-Gomez, F., Molina-Diaz, A., Capitan-Valley, L. F. (2001). act of unstable chromatography to the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxal and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. J.A.O.C. Int. May-Jun 84 (3) 676-83Sethi, P. D. (1993). vicenary Analysis of Drugs in pharmaceutic Formulations, second edition, C.B.S Publishers and Distributors, unseasoned Delhi. pp 33-37Shargel, L., Andrew, B. C. Y. (1993). utilize Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, tertiary edition, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. pp 205-209